Currently, medical device development is evolving toward the development of combination devices that restore deficient body functions to a more normal state by combining conventionally used metals, ceramics, and other materials with biomaterials to utilize the original biological functions of cells. The main reasons for the use of biomaterials in implantable medical devices are as follows:
 

• Biocompatibility:
  Biocompatibility is particularly important because biomaterials are used in vivo. Biomaterials with proper biocompatibility are properly accepted by the body and do not cause an inappropriate tissue reaction. This reduces the risk of the implant being perceived as a foreign body.
  
  
• Mechanical properties:
  Implants must have the proper mechanical properties to function properly in the body. Biomaterials can be tailored to provide the necessary strength, stiffness, flexibility, and other mechanical properties. This allows the implant to withstand loading situations.
  
  
• In vivo interactions:
  Biomaterials can interact with the surrounding biological tissue. For example, biomaterials that promote bonding with bone may be used to aid in bone growth. Furthermore, biomaterials that promote bonding with blood vessels can help improve blood supply.

Polysaccharides are often used in wound dressings and as hemostatic agents, largely due to their properties. Polysaccharides are macromolecular compounds composed of multiple sugar molecules that are known to play various roles in the body.
 

• Absorption and moisture retention:
  Polysaccharides retain water easily and have the ability to absorb and retain moisture from secretions and blood from the wound surface. This prevents the wound from drying out and maintains an appropriately moist environment. Keeping the wound moist promotes re-epithelialization and tissue regeneration.
  
  
• Wound protection:
  Polysaccharides can cover the wound surface as a film-like substance. This protects the wound and maintains an appropriate environment while preventing the entry of external irritants and microorganisms.
  
  
• Promotes coagulation and hemostasis:
  Certain polysaccharides have procoagulant properties and may promote blood clotting. This property is beneficial when polysaccharides are used as hemostatic agents to control bleeding. By interfering with the blood coagulation process, polysaccharides can decrease the amount of bleeding.
  
  
• Anti-inflammatory effect:
  Some polysaccharides have an anti-inflammatory effect. By reducing the inflammatory response of the wound, they help the healing process to proceed smoothly.
  
  
• Biocompatibility:
  Polysaccharides are naturally occurring components of living organisms and are therefore expected to have proper acceptance and interaction in the body. This increases their safety as wound dressings and hemostatic agents.

Adhesions during surgery and treatment can interfere with the movement and normal function of organs and can cause pain and complications. Polysaccharides and proteins are often used as anti-adhesive agents for the following reasons:
 

• Promoting separation:
  Polysaccharides and proteins have the ability to bind to substances on or inside tissue surfaces. This can be used to form surfaces that are less prone to adhesions. This allows different tissues and organs to move naturally without sticking together.
  
  
• Anti-inflammatory effect:
  Some polysaccharides and proteins have an anti-inflammatory effect. When tissues are injured, such as in surgery, an inflammatory response can occur, causing the surrounding tissues to stick together. The use of substances with anti-inflammatory properties can reduce this inflammatory response and decrease the risk of adhesions.
  
  
• Biocompatibility and safety:
  Polysaccharides and proteins are naturally occurring components in the body and therefore have good acceptability and interaction in the body. This increases their safety when used as anti-adhesive agents.
  
  
• Controlled chemistry:
  The structure and chemistry of polysaccharides and proteins can be fine-tuned to optimize the effectiveness of anti-adhesive agents. This allows measures to be tailored to specific applications and situations.

It is not uncommon for biomaterials such as polysaccharides and proteins to be considered as raw materials in the development of regenerative medical products. The main reasons why biomaterials are used in regenerative medicine products are as follows:
 

• Biocompatibility:
  Biomaterials have the ability to bind properly to living tissue. Biocompatible biomaterials are less prone to foreign body reaction and rejection, making them suitable raw materials for regenerative medical products.
  
  
• Cell support and promotion:
  In regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, biomaterials play a role in supporting cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. With the right biomaterials, cells can grow normally and tissue regeneration and repair can be facilitated.
  
  
• Provide three-dimensional structure:
  Biomaterials can provide a three-dimensional structure. This is important to recreate an environment that closely resembles the natural structure of a tissue or organ. For example, biomaterials provide the underlying framework for the construction of artificial organs and tissues.
  
  
• Drug release and factor delivery:
  Biomaterials can contain and provide controlled release of specific drugs and cellular factors. This can provide therapies to induce tissue regeneration and healing processes or to reduce inflammation.
  
  
• Customizability:
  Biomaterials can be customized for different purposes by adjusting their properties. By varying properties such as hardness, absorbability, and biodegradability, products can be developed that are suitable for different treatments and applications.
  
  
• Patient-specific therapies:
  Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering using biomaterials allow for customized therapies tailored to the unique conditions and characteristics of the patient. This allows for the provision of therapies that are appropriate for each individual patient.

Polysaccharides and proteins are often used as pharmaceutical additives for the following reasons:
 

• Improved stability:
  Polysaccharides and proteins can improve the stability of pharmaceuticals. This is because they prevent drug molecules from degrading when exposed to heat or light, thus preserving the quality of the product. Polysaccharides and proteins as additives may also interact with drug molecules to form complexes and slow degradation.
  
  
• Aids in the manufacturing process:
  Polysaccharides and proteins are sometimes used to aid in the drug manufacturing process. These additives may improve drug solubility and help maintain stability during mixing and grinding.
  
  
• Regulated drug release:
  Polysaccharides and proteins are sometimes used in capsules and tablets to regulate drug release. This ensures that the drug is released at the proper rate and that it has a long-lasting effect.
  
  
• Improved drug absorption:
  Polysaccharides and proteins may act as carriers to improve drug absorption. This allows the drug to be absorbed more efficiently in the gastrointestinal tract and improves therapeutic efficacy.

Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) is a technology for optimizing the effects of drugs and delivering them more effectively and safely to patients. Polysaccharides and proteins are used in DDS because they contribute to the following properties:
 

• Improved drug stability:
  Polysaccharides and proteins can serve to encapsulate drug molecules, preventing their degradation or denaturation. This improves drug stability and prevents degradation while maintaining drug efficacy.
  
  
• Controlled release:
  Polysaccharides and proteins help achieve controlled release of drugs. By encapsulating the drug, the drug can be adjusted to be released gradually over time rather than all at once. This allows for sustained drug effects.
  
  
• Improved drug absorption:
  Polysaccharides and proteins may act as carriers to improve drug absorption. They can protect the drug in the DDS to improve drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby increasing absorption.

Biomaterials are used in cell culture scaffolds because of their role in supporting cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation and in providing an environment for reproducing three-dimensional tissue structures. The following are the main reasons:
 

• Support for cell binding and growth:
  Biomaterials serve as a foundation for cells to attach and grow. Cells adhere more easily and grow on biomaterials with appropriate surfaces and microstructures.
  
  
• Reproduction of three-dimensional structures:
  Cells need three-dimensional structures, not just flat surfaces, to grow and function in a three-dimensional environment within their natural tissues. Biomaterials provide a scaffold for reproducing such a three-dimensional environment. This enables cell culture that mimics the structure and function of tissues and organs.
  
  
• Inducing cell differentiation:
  Certain biomaterials can induce cell differentiation in a specific direction. Cells may be more likely to differentiate into specific tissues or cell types depending on the properties of the biomaterial. This is being used in research aimed at regeneration and repair of specific tissues and organs.
  
  
• Biocompatibility and safety:
  Biomaterials are biocompatible and safe because they have properties similar to components and tissues that occur naturally in the body. This reduces the risk of rejection or foreign body reactions when used as scaffolds for cell culture.

Biomaterials are used in dental materials because they are biocompatible, safe, and effective in restoring, reinforcing, and treating teeth. The following are the main reasons:
 

• Biocompatibility and safety:
  Biomaterials are highly compatible with the body when used in the teeth and oral cavity because of their bio-acceptable properties. This ensures patient safety by reducing the risk of dental materials causing rejection or foreign body reactions in the body.
  
  
• Similar properties to tooth structure:
  Some biomaterials used in dental materials have properties similar to those of the natural tissue of the teeth. This allows the material to form a seamless bond with the tooth, maintaining a natural appearance and bite force.
  
  
• Tissue response:
  Some biomaterials have properties that interact with the surrounding tissue to support tissue growth and repair. In dental implants and bone regeneration materials, biomaterials may play a role in promoting bone bonding and enhancing treatment efficacy.
  
  
• Durability and long-term effectiveness:
  Dental materials must be durable. With proper selection and design of biomaterials, dental materials can have long-term effects. Durable materials contribute to the long-term success of dental treatments.
  
  
• Evolution of treatments:
  Research and development of biomaterials can advance dental treatments and provide more effective and less burdensome treatments for patients.